![]() ![]() ![]() Twelve-month-olds categorize social actions in terms of their valence ( Premack & Premack, 1997) 9- and 12-month-olds expect one who is helped by one individual, but hindered by another, to behave differently toward the two individuals in future interactions ( Kuhlmeier, Wynn, and Bloom, 2003 Kuhlmeier, Wynn & Bloom, under review Wynn, 2008) and 6- and 10-month-old infants themselves approach those who have helped another and avoid those who have hindered another ( Hamlin, Wynn & Bloom, 2007). Recent research has suggested that young infants can identify and discriminate prosocial and antisocial behaviors between third parties. One way to determine how a potential social partner may treat you is through the observation of how he or she treats others. ![]() For successful existence within the social world, it is essential to be able to distinguish those who may help you from those who may harm you. From early in the second year of life, young toddlers direct prosocial cooperative behaviors toward both adults ( Warneken & Tomasello, 2006, 2007) and peers ( Brownell, Ramani, & Zerwas, 2006). The human tendency toward cooperation is present from very early in ontogeny. ![]()
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